A LITERATURE REVIEW OF GRANULOMA ANNULARE

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, self-limiting granulomatous skin disorder of unknown origin, most commonly affecting young females. It presents as annular plaques or papules and may be associated with systemic conditions such as HIV and malignancies. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, immune-mediated mechanisms involving Th1 responses and matrix degradation are implicated. GA has several clinical variants—localized, disseminated, subcutaneous, patch-type, and perforating—with localized GA being the most common and often resolving spontaneously. Histopathology reveals collagen degeneration, mucin deposition, and distinct inflammatory patterns. Treatment is usually unnecessary, but persistent or disseminated cases may benefit from topical, systemic, or biologic therapies. Prognosis is favorable, though disseminated forms tend to be more resistant to treatment.

Corresponding author: Giang Thi Ha Quach, MD; Email: drhagiang@gmail.com